Assess the Ontological Argument Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Ontological Argument Essay The ontological contention was first planned by St. Anselm in the eleventh century. It contends the presence of God from a deductive and from the earlier position. God is a being than which none more noteworthy can be considered. This is the reaction given by St Anselm to the bonehead in the hymn who accepted there was no God. St Anselm the Archbishop of Canterbury and of the Benedictine Order disclosed that for God to exist in the psyche he would not be the best being. Anyway were God to exist in the psyche and reality this would make a being ‘than which none more prominent can be conceived’, this implies God must exist. This showing for the presence of God was promptly scrutinized by his contemporary Gaunilon. He contended that Anselm’s contention could without much of a stretch be utilized to demonstrate the presence of a wide range of creatures or even places. In Gaunilon’s ‘response for the benefit of the fool’, he contended that he could imagine an ideal island ‘blessed with all habits of delight’, yet it didn't mean it must exist. In any case, Anselm reacted to this case contending that an ideal island contains possibility; it is reliant, though God has aseity, is independent. This implies God’s presence is subsequently, essential, free. Descartes broadly composed his adaptation of the ontological contention in the ‘Meditations’ where he contended that God is an interminable being, great. For God to stay flawless he should then hold presence. He utilized the delineation of a triangle with three points which all signify 180 degrees. This nature of the triangle permits the triangle to be great and to be characterized as a triangle. On the off chance that the points were detracted from the triangle it would never again be a triangle. This is comparative as to God; he was unable to be God on the off chance that he didn't exist. This demonstrates as per Descartes that God’s presence is important. In any case, it very well may be contended that the ontological contention is utilizing a logical arrangement to characterize God as existing. Immanuel Kant invalidates this as he accepts that presence as a predicate or property can't characterize God. For example, the scientific explanation ‘a old maid is an unmarried woman’ is repetitious and valid by definition. Yet, if you somehow happened to include the predicate presence it would have no immediate impact on the announcement, this implies presence can't be a property of God. David Hume additionally proceeded to help this thought, as we can't demonstrate that presence is even a positive characteristic, we realize that ‘evil’ exists yet could this ‘existence’ be equivalent to the ‘existence’ of God? They would contend that the ontological contention neglected to comprehend and make presence a significance of God. Nonetheless, there have been reactions by different scholars, for example, Frege who contends that presence is really a first level predicate which can clarify the subsequent level predicate. For example, the ‘greenness of the apple’ is known through our faculties yet by including ‘the greenness exists’ we can comprehend that such a predicate exists in all actuality. This implies ‘God exists’ permits us to comprehend that such a being as incredible as God exists as a general rule just as the psyche. Anyway from an exact view, Thomas Aquinas would contend that the blemish in the ontological contentions endeavor to exhibit God’s presence comes from the way that Anselm needed to contend that God’s presence can be demonstrated from ‘de dicto’ rather than what is ‘real’, and this made the contention be powerless. Then again, some will even now contend that St Anselm and the ontological contention is as yet solid in the subsequent half, ‘God is a vital being’. This is because of the way that just God’s presence can be either fundamental or unthinkable and on the grounds that it is conceivable, God is demonstrated to exist. To assess the entire ontological arguments’ endeavor to demonstrate and show God’s presence, it is clear because of the deductive position, it shouldn’t be contended as the end drawn must be ‘God is a vital being’, ‘God is a being than which none more noteworthy can be conceived’. In any case, when you comprehend that definition you will find that it could be utilized to demonstrate the presence of numerous things and creatures. The ontological contention demonstrates the possibility that if God exists he will be an important being, yet it doesn't demonstrate that he really exists. Along these lines as Richard Dawkins would portray it ‘infinite, play area argument’ and doesn't exhibit God’s presence.

Understanding of English 200 course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comprehension of English 200 course - Essay Example Comprehension of English 200 course In an increasingly rational and very much contended out premise, this paper targets reflecting upon my learning as an English 200 understudy, and to therefore place into center the different English information and related works. For the motivations behind this noteworthy examination, I will put my contentions inside the extent of the English 200 prospectus. Inside the bigger depiction, English 200 is reasonable intended to assist understudies with composing for an assortment of purposes that cuts across different English kinds, including research exposition and hypothetical examination. While interfacing with the course substance and course material, numerous accentuations set to expository difficulties in information age from abstract materials and writings and for such I attempted individual and very much looked into scholarly articles to show my comprehension of the topic. Of significance, my unique abstract organizations and examination recognized as The Ceremony, Curiosity exec uted the feline, The Mirror, and a scrutinize of the well known play by Sophocles entitled, Antigone. From the beginning of my English classes, I have consistently been a basic mastermind; my resulting and standard collaboration with the correct course substance and materials in English 200 class has additionally improved my investigative abilities as a basic scholar while looking at artistic writings. My craving for information securing in English 200 impacted more as I continually take a gander at the ‘why’ foundation of an author’s abstract content as opposed to simply concentrating on the author’s exacting importance as delineated in the content. ... equent and ordinary collaboration with the correct course substance and materials in English 200 class has additionally improved my systematic abilities as a basic mastermind while looking at artistic writings. My longing for information securing in English 200 affected more as I continually take a gander at the ‘why’ foundation of an author’s artistic content as opposed to simply concentrating on the author’s strict importance as delineated in the content. In this way, my presentation to explanatory scholarly investigation, exposition examine, close perusing, basic examination, and to a bigger degree inventive reasoning have empowered me to increase sagacious rich information into various composing styles to such an extent that am ready to ceaselessly and without hardly lifting a finger make a supported contentions in some random abstract content for an agreeable comprehension of any artistic content. Moving in a dynamic way all through the English 200 cla ss in scholarly investigation from introducing basic realities to building a supported contention of the different artistic segments and expectations inside different abstract complexities, I have in reality extended my thinking resources and mental capacities. At the previous commencement phases of this course, I embrace an inside and out and instructive conversations concerning basic abstract investigation. This entire learning process continued through basic paper creation, related hypotheses, educational composition of the study exposition, bunch conversations, and gathering introductions of scholarly survey process. Toward the end, I presented an all around inquired about paper on Antigone with exceptional accentuation on 442BC exemplary composition. Inside this abstract investigation, conscious endeavors made in interfacing the scholarly aims of the previous artistic composition to a cutting edge crowd while uncovering the expectations of Sophocles in talking about connection and family

The Role and Duties of Canadian Members of Parliament

The Role and Duties of Canadian Members of Parliament Starting with the October 2015 government political race, there will be 338 individuals from parliament in the Canadian House of Commons. They are chosen in a general political race, which is typically called each four or five years, or in a by-political decision when a seat in the House of Commons gets unfilled because of acquiescence or demise. Speaking to Constituents in Parliament Individuals from parliament speak to the local and neighborhood worries of the constituents in their ridings (additionally called discretionary regions) in the House of Commons. Individuals from parliament tackle issues for constituents on a wide assortment of government matters - from keeping an eye on singular issues with government offices to giving data on government projects and strategies. Individuals from parliament likewise keep up a prominent in their ridings and partake in neighborhood occasions and authority capacities there. Making Laws While it is local officials and bureau priests who have direct obligation regarding drafting new enactment, individuals from parliament can impact enactment through discussions in the House of Commons and during all-party board of trustees gatherings to inspect enactment. Despite the fact that individuals from parliament are relied upon to toe the partisan loyalty, both meaningful and calibrating alterations to enactment are frequently made at council stage. Decisions on enactment in the House of Commons are typically a custom after partisan loyalties however can be of critical vital significance during a minority government. Individuals from parliament can likewise present enactment of their own, called private individuals bills, anyway it is uncommon that a private individuals charge passes. Guard dogs on Government Canadian individuals from parliament can impact central government strategy by taking part in House of Commons councils which survey national government division exercises and spending, just as enactment. Government individuals from parliament additionally raise approach issues in assembly gatherings of individuals from parliament of their own gathering and can campaign bureau clergymen. Individuals from parliament in resistance groups utilize the day by day Question Period in the House of Commons to raise issues of concern and carry them to the consideration of general society. Gathering Supporters An individual from parliament as a rule bolsters an ideological group and assumes a job in the activity of the gathering. A couple of individuals from parliament may sit as independents and don't host get-together duties. Workplaces Individuals from parliament keep up two workplaces with relating staff - one on Parliament Hill in Ottawa and one in the voting public. Bureau serves likewise keep up an office and staff in the divisions for which they are mindful.

Public Sector Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Open Sector Accounting - Essay Example So as to exhibit the distinctions an association from every segment has been taken. The picked open segment association is The Royal Mail Holdings Plc and the freely recorded organization is Aviva Plc. Illustrious Mail is a 100% UK Government claimed association engaged with the postal administrations all through UK, Ireland and Europe (Royal Mail Group Ltd, 2012). Aviva is a UK-based biggest worldwide insurance agency and world’s 6th biggest (Aviva, 2012). The third segment exhibits the impact of the goals of open part bookkeeping and the guidelines and guidelines overseeing open area associations as contrasts and likenesses in the organization, style and bookkeeping arrangements in the yearly reports of Royal Mail and Aviva. The fourth area manages the job of evaluator in both the associations. By and large the four areas in the venture dissect if the contrasts between the two sectors’ bookkeeping rehearses are unmistakable or if there is any decrease in their varying structures. Bookkeeping Needs and Objectives The open division envelops all the associations that are not possessed or worked by private associations. The organizations’ control lies in the hands of the Government, either national or nearby. Open part in UK is various and incorporates nationalized ventures, Government offices and open assistance associations. Nationalized businesses are business associations that offer merchandise to advertise however are primarily administered by government-named sheets and clergymen instead of business sectors or investors. The excess created from their activities is relied upon to empower substitution speculation. The administration offices incorporate government assistance administrations and tax collection body. These organizations are required to convey agreeable administrations to the petitioners and citizens by utilizing the assets available to them. The open help association gives wellbeing, policing and safeguard benefits in the in terest of focal or neighborhood government. These administrations are financed from the duty incomes and subsequently not charged from the open straightforwardly. Not at all like the private part with an away from of benefit making, the open segment has a mind boggling blend of targets and requests. It is principally worried about serving the overall population. The significance of open division bookkeeping and exposures, and their disparities from the private segment bookkeeping is because of the accompanying reasons: Lack of making Profits: a definitive target of a private association if benefit making as well as making riches for its investors. Anyway an open segment organization’s objective isn't viewed as benefit making. In some cases this proposes the chance of wasteful utilization of assets or nonappearance of duty to offer great assistance to the customers because of no benefit making. Absence of Competition: A private division association for the most part works in a n industry with direct contenders and subject to guidelines by oversight administrative bodies. As opposed to this the open area associations are not liable to orders of the business sectors and come up short on the similarity with different firms. Open Interest: There is a corporate administration system and review rules for private organizat

Homosexuality in Perspective A Great Leap From the Past Essay - 550 Words

Homosexuality in Perspective: A Great Leap From the Past (Essay Sample) Content: Homosexuality in Perspective: A great leap from the pastInstitutionNameInstructorCourseDateFor over a century now, scientific and popular belief has strictly opined that male homosexuality springs from and expresses something à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feminineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in men, being addressed as the absence of required levels of masculinity in men . This was a malady that bewildered even the most established liberal society where as matter of fact the concept of gay identity was not in any sense recognized, the homosexuals were deemed to be ailing from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"deviantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ personalities. Reynaldo Arenas brings out all this pertinent issues in his book christened à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Before Night fallsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬, which was also made a film in 2000.The government of the day subjected homosexuals to persecution, alienation and McCarthyism ideals. When Fidel Castro took power after the revolution most of the gay population were driven off to labor camps forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" re-educationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and were perceived to be counter revolutionary. Reynaldo implores the presence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Of the existing sexual repressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the dictatorship was considered evil, anything it proscribed was seen in a positive light by the nonconformist who were the majority at that timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ (Schnabel, 2000, scene 8).This brings out the issue of power groups imposing on the society of what they deem as the appropriate sexuality. This idea is premised on an erroneous reasoning since à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sexual types and categories were socially constructed by identifiable power groups and the notion of sexuality as the truth of our identity and being was created by the power relations which simultaneously defined the meaning of sexualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ (Kinsman,1996, p.34). Institutionalized sexuality thus hindered the recognition of homosexuality as an appropriate form of sexuality.The social division of labor builds around a socia l separation between the sexes; by and large establishes a social and economic dependence between men and women, ideally putting a premium on heterosexuality. Heterosexuality itself is a power relationship of men over women what gay men are rejecting is essentially polar experiences (faraday, 1985). That is why if a man reclaims the right to refuse his sexual availability to women or who goes against the fundamental principles of patriarchal society that contain, inhibit, restrain, determine and the definition of the role of a man should not be deemed to have absconded the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"privilegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ of being a man. This is because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sex as gender and sex as sexuality are thus defined in terms of each other, but it is sexuality that determines gender not the other way roundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ (Mackinnon, 1979, p.15).Ironically, the repression and persecution greatly oscillated the desire of gays to unite through a shared repression of experience aiding to spur the moder n gay civil rights movement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Concentration camps for homosexuals and the police officers disguise as willing young men to entrap and arrest homosexuals, actua...

Economic Crisis of Greece History and Speculations - 1375 Words

Economic Crisis of Greece: History and Speculations (Research Paper Sample) Content: (Word count: 1189)NameInstructorCourseDate of SubmissionEconomic Crisis of Greece: History and SpeculationsGreece is heavily indebted to its international creditors and is being looked upon by Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic giants as a "problem that wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t go awayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Indeed, even after passing a vote by which the Greek people agreed to the terms of the European Central Bank, the country is still in economic crisis. Things may improve, and the country will go back to its former glory, but this will not happen overnight. According to the Business Dictionary, an economic crisis is "a situation in which the economy of a country experiences a sudden downturn brought on by a financial crisis." Although the term "financial crisis" is often used interchangeably with "economic crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the two words bear a slight difference in meaning. A financial crisis is a situation where there are problems in the banking sector and the stock market. Continu ed persistence of these problems ultimately results in an economic crisis. This paper will objectively look at the economic crisis in Greece, how it started and analyze propositions brought forward by economic analysts and major players in the European Union. Further, this paper will put forward a fair representation of the positive and negative aspects of different positions and primary figures involved in the crisis.As Sachs observed concerning Greece, "financial crisis is caused by a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s indebtednessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬" (para.2). He goes further and attributes the situation to poor judgment, corruption, over optimism among other issues. The history of Greeceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic nightmare started with the world financial crisis in 2007. The world financial crisis was itself brought by the collapse of Lehman Brothers, a sprawling global bank à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬" The Economist (para.1). The article goes on to lay blame on the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s central banks, the general culture tol erated by banks where they lent in excess. The fact that the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic giants had enjoyed low inflation rates and steadily increasing growth in GDP made central banks complacent, and they failed to exercise caution in dealing with securities. These securities turned out to be shady, and in the end the banks could not recover the full amount that they lent out on these securities. The problem naturally flows to the smaller banks. Allison found that "smaller banks follow the same practice because if they do not, they end up with a lower return on equity than their competitors" (p.23) Greece had been in financial turmoil long before the world financial crisis. The New York Times observes that it [Greece] had long been reporting false financial figures concerning its debt (para.10). In 2010, Greece was heading toward bankruptcy and that is when the world began to understand the full severity of the economic situation. An initial sum of 240 billion Euros was lent out to the country, coupled with tough regulations. Creditors demanded that the Greek government employ austerity measures, essentially cutting back on its spending.Some propositions have been put forward to help bring Greece back to economic stability. Among these are "a leave of absence" (Feldstein, para.4) Feldstein proposes that Greece should exit the Eurozone for a while and have its currency. He further elaborates that if the Greek currency depreciates against the Euro, Greeks will be forced to spend their money on locally manufactured goods because they would be cheaper. Depreciation of the Greek currency against the Euro would revitalize the local economy and Greece will be back on its feet. All this will only work if the Greek currency loses its value against the Euro. However, if the local currency in Greece follows the opposite trend and appreciates against the Euro, this will encourage Greeks to spend more money on goods and services outside their country. The local manufacturi ng sector will be hurt as the citizens prefer exports. The money is going would be lost to other economies in the Eurozone and Greece will slowly go back to an economic crisis. Feldsteinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s proposition heavily relies on the failure of Greeceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s currency which cannot be guaranteed. A second suggestion would be to have excesses remain at 1 percent (Stiglitz, para.5). He observes that Greekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s creditors have run the country down by imposing strict austerity measures and taking away whatever little the country makes. The people of Greece have a paltry sum to share out among themselves, an amount too little to make any positive economic impact. In his view, structural reforms should be discussed by the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s lawmakers only after the achievement of sustained growth for at least two years. Sustained growth should see a drop in the number of unemployed youth and continual growth in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s GDP.The future of Greeceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic stability lies solely on the measures its government chooses to undertake. Too much austerity will cripple the economy as there would be no government spending to encourage growth. The private sector will find it hard to do business because the government would have adopted a strict tax regime in which no incentives would be made available. Unemployment will soar to levels never seen before, and crime will be the order of the day. In my view, the Greek government can only avoid all these negative outcomes by adopting the measures used by the US to get out of the financial crisis. The only ...

The United States And The Civil War - 851 Words

The word â€Å"freedom† has always been a cornerstone of the numerous transformations of the American society. It is the notion that is found in speeches of both Republican and Democrat politicians, the idea that connected the mind of an affluent Southern plantation owner and that of a radical abolitionist. Generally, the understanding of any period in the United States history as a whole relies heavily on acquiring the knowledge of the way of life, and the patterns of thought of the American public. The meaning of freedom provides a unique insight into social models, and can be considered a crucial factor when examining the impact of the key events in the history of the United States, namely the Civil War. The three speeches by the prominent American politicians and presidents from 1850’s throughout the Civil War era will be compared and analyzed with respect to their definition of freedom in order to demonstrate the different perceptions of this concept in the 19th ce ntury American society. As the Republican Party emerged to dominate the political scene of the 1950’s, a new vision of the American North and its values started to gain increasing influence amongst the members of the Party. William Henry Seward, a senator from New York, describes and summarizes these values in his speech â€Å"The Irrepressible Conflict† that was delivered at Rochester in 1858. The conflict that he refers to is the conflict between two different social and economic systems, between slave labor and freeShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War : The United States1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War divided the United States with its’ origin in the struggle to preserve the Union from the Confederacy’s succession. A war to maintain the United States quickly progressed to battles fought because of the controversial beliefs on slavery in the North and South. In the coming of the Civil War there were questions and confusion that many Americans were faced with in the words of t he South’s succession. During the war, families were torn due to the men lost to the Union or Confederate causesRead MoreThe United States Civil War918 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States civil war is thought of as what determined what kind of country we would be today. The U.S. civil war, otherwise known as the war of the states, began on April 12, 1861, and lasted until 1865. It consisted of the North (the Union) or the â€Å"free states†, against the South (the confederates) the slave states. When Abraham Lincoln became president in 1860 he made promises of free territories, which caused a division between men who owned slaves and men who agreed with Lincoln. SlavesRead MoreUnited States And The Civil War1668 Words   |  7 PagesUS Civil War United States of America was formed as a result of the revolution that continued from 1776 to 1783. After that, United States was divided into two wings/ parts that are the southern and the northern parts. Then conflict between the two aroused because the northern and the southern societies were totally different of each other in terms of economic structure, social class, politics and other social matters especially slavery. The civil war, that started in 1861 and ended in 1865, wasRead MoreThe Civil War : The United States909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most pivotal and significant moments in the history of the United States of America. Therefore, its impact of the Civil War was tremendous, and in many ways has shaped the way the United States has evolved into the present. The Civil War brought lots of beneficial changes to America including economic, agriculture, military, and people’s lives. During the Civil War, women stepped out of their domestic do mains to help or support their husbands in the field, or other soldiersRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War of the United States was a major and influential event in the history of our country. The Civil War shaped our nation and how we think of liberty in general. Such a big event in our antiquity must have been caused by a series of dominant events. However, a War of this size has many effects to go along with it. The most common effect thought of is the freedom of slaves, however, the Civil War was not just a war fought for freedom. 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Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew t o include eleven states, and although they claimed thirteen states and additionalRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1233 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Blundering Generation† Division among a population for opposing goals wasn t a new concept brought to light by the Civil War. Almost one hundred years prior to the Civil War, inhabitants of the thirteen colonies fought against each other towards their differing support for their wages of unity. Patriots fought Loyalists for coalition of the colonies, and likewise Northerners now fought Southerners for the preservation of the Union. 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The Confederate States of America wanted to break away from the United States and form their own country. The Confederate States of America, or more commonly known as the Confederacy, was formed by seven slave states located in the southern region of the United States. The economy

Creating A More Effective Organizational Culture - 1233 Words

Creating A More Effective Organizational Culture 620 WCM Module Four Short Paper Southern New Hampshire University Kathleen Cantwell 4/30/17 Cultural Perspectives ABC Corporation has a culture that is based on providing award winning after-sales service to ensure it has repeat customers (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). Thomas prides himself on creating a culture that produces high-performance numbers by encouraging his employees to handle a high volume of calls. Thomas believed that each employee should be clear on company protocol and performance expectations with a focus on high productivity (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). During the conflict, Thomas believed that his front-line manager,†¦show more content†¦Because the emphasis on productivity was evident at ABC Corporation, Kareem felt that if his performance numbers had been an issue, it would have been brought to his attention by his managers, Thomas and Janet. Kareem’s co-worker, Michael, values his hard work and effort that he has put forth to help his unit receive recognition for their high productivity outcomes that are common to their company s culture (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). Michael felt that Kareem s excessive breaks and odd behavior were a barrier to receiving recognition (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). This perspective pushed Michael to make a complaint about Kareem s behavior and performance. On the other hand, Kathy, employee, and friend of Kareem, was new to her position in the unit and wanted to meet Thomas expectations (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). She understood the company s high-performance culture due to her previous five years with the company. Kathy reported that she believed the unit’s environment to be â€Å"competitive and hostile† (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). Kathy reported that because of the environment, she tends to stay focused on her work because she is worried of being let go. She and Kareem became friends and helped each other if they were struggling with performance issues (WCM 620 Final Project Case Study, 2017). Kathy knew about Kareem s religious requirements and was aware of hisShow MoreRelatedDo Organizations Always Benefit From Creating A Positive Culture?1448 Words   |  6 PagesDo organizations always benefit from creating a positive culture? Does creating this positive culture motivate employees to work harder, smarter and be more productive? There are recent studies that suggest that employees, who are in a positive work environment, are more productive. Developing and building strong leadership can help, especially in a down economy. Creating this type of culture is not a cure-all, but if an organization commits to it, the company could reap many benefits from thisRead MoreVisual And Verbal Components Of An Organization Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Culture is something like behavioral rules which are unwritten and unspoken that is produced when group of people comes at a place to work together. Culture is created by the attitude, the values, beliefs and important assumptions as well as performance and activities shared by a group of people. Organizational culture is made up of every sort of experiences that all employee brings to the work place. Organization culture is particularly introduced by the organization s founder, executivesRead MoreTeamwork Culture1199 Words   |  5 PagesEvery company has its own personality or culture. For an organization to be successful over the long term, its culture needs to be managed effectively. 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The novel continues as Mr. Rogo seeks for more suggestion from his colleague Jonah to keep the plant operating producing revenue. Mr. Rogo is having some personal issues at the moment, he is h aving a difficult time managing his family which is probably affecting his professional life and the decision

The Overcrowding of Prisons Essays - 1786 Words

According to Mark Early, president of the Prison Fellowship International, the Bureau of Justice Statistics report shows that there are 19 states that have prisons operating at 100 percent capacity and another 20 are falling right behind them. There is no wonder why the overcrowding of prisons is being discussed everywhere. Not to mention how serious this predicament is and how serious it can get. Many of the United States citizens don’t understand why this is such a serious matter due to the fact that some of them believe it’s not their problem. Therefore they just don’t care about it. Also, some Americans may say that they don’t care about what could happen to the inmates due to repercussions of overcrowding, because it’s their own†¦show more content†¦That was two years ago and the prison population have continued to grow since then, so can you imagine what it is now? Now, think of what the prisoners have to go through. Andrea Caumont sh ared some of the problems prisoners are having, because of prison overcrowding. She says that in California the United States Supreme Court told the state to reduce its prison population, because overcrowded conditions are amounting to cruel and unusual punishment. Can you imagine what must be happening for the Supreme Court to rule it as cruel and unusual punishment? Not only are they being punished cruelly, the prisoners are also losing their opportunities to participate in the prisons self-improvement programs and the vocational training, because there is less of everything to go around. Therefore all resources, even food, are being stretched to the max. (John Howard goes into more detail on this issue in his paper The Effects of Prison Overcrowding on the P.A.T.R.I.C.K Crusade website.) The prisoners are not the only ones being affected by this problem, this problem is affecting everyone. The overcrowding of prisons can date back to the 1850’s, when they imprisoned debtors, delinquent juveniles, minor misdemeanants and felons all together with no separation. The King Edwards Public School students created their own websiteShow MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding1187 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper will discuss prison overcrowding and what type of numbers have come about over the years when it comes to inmates being imprisoned. It will discuss the cost of a prisoner annually as well as the decision to add verses build when it comes to new facilities. The overcrowding in one particular prison will be touched on as well as whose responsibility it is for upkeep. It will discuss how funding plays a role in overcrowding as well as the â€Å"three strikes† rule in California andRead MorePrison Overcrowding953 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Overcrowding Sherita Bowens American Intercontinental University April 24, 2010 Abstract Prison overcrowding is one of the many different problems throughout the world that law enforcement faces. Prison overcrowding not only affects those in law enforcement, it also affects the taxpayers in the community as well. The problem of overcrowded prisons is being handled in many different ways. Some of these ways have been proven to be sufficient and successful while others have not beenRead MorePrison Overcrowding2966 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Using Proposals from Nevada and California to Recommend an Alternative Answer† By: Casey Apao For: Dr. Sarri CSN Fall 2010 Dedication: â€Å"I, the undersigned, Casey Apao hereby certify that without the assistance of Henry Apao this Critical Thinking Scientific Paper wouldn’t be done.† Signed , Casey Apao Disclaimer: â€Å"I, Casey Apao hereby certify that this Critical Thinking Scientific Paper is the result of my sole intellectualRead MoreOvercrowding Prisons And The Prisons Essay1785 Words   |  8 PagesAlma Gonzalez Professor Shaw SOC 474OL 11 August 2016 Overcrowding Prisons Prisons were essentially built to accommodate a number of prisoners, but over the years, it has reached over capacity. Today in the United States, there are approximately 193,468 federal inmates that consist of the Bureau of Prisons Custody, private managed facilities and other facilities. The inmates ages range from 18- 65 with the median age being in their late 30’s. This number is counting both male and female populationRead MoreArticle Report On Overcrowding Of Prison Overcrowding1074 Words   |  5 Pages Clark, Charles S. Prison Overcrowding. CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994: 97-120. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. This article discusses overcrowding in the United States prison system, due in part to mandatory prison sentences. Additionally, this article also discusses the challenges in managing the overpopulation of prisons and gives an objective look at solutions, to include building more prisons, to combat overcrowding. While the author does not include information about himself and his qualifications, hisRead MoreEffects Of Prison Overcrowding1345 Words   |  6 Pagesa few of the effects that prison overcrowding causes towards the inmates and the guards. I will first address the issue of violence that prison overcrowding causes. My next point will be the health of the inmates discussing both their physical and mental while in overcrowded prisons. Lastly I will discuss the physical and mental health of the correctional officers and how the job could lead to correctional officers having issues in their private life. Prison Overcrowding has become a major issueRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffering in confinement cells, officials are negotiating over the issue, and the public is protesting to make their opinions count. The prison crisis has continued to grow over the years, causing a great uproar among all of California’s 32 state prisons. Prison overcrowding has been an increasingly vital issueRead MoreThe Overcrowding Of Prison And Massachusetts1261 Words   |  6 PagesAfter exploring options of which states had the most overcrowding in prisons, the best option to go with was California because states like Alabama and Massachusetts did not have current statistics. If anything, their statistics were from 2016 or 2013, making data harder to collect. Therefore, according to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation website, the most recent report they have of the total population is as of midnight February 8, 2017. The total population is 180,885Read MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1166 Words   |  5 PagesBlackboard #1: Realignment Prison overcrowding has always been a problem in California prisons. It has been growing over the year and has now lead the United States Supreme Court to take part in trying to find a solution to this problem. Because of this issue, Plata litigation came through and had a significant impact on the way we see community corrections. The ruling in the Plata litigation in turn lead to AB 109 or The Public Safety Realignment Act to be implemented as a solution to California’sRead MorePrison Overcrowding Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Prison Overcrowding Nicole Neal American Intercontinental University Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost without

Social Justice Example

Essays on Social Justice Coursework Social Justice Living in social environment has always been considered to be one of the most important prerequisites for the development of the inner potential of a human being. However, there are also instances when one group is able to exercise its influence over another one and dominate in all the areas of social life. A good example is colonization. This paper will analyze the notion of social justice with regard to indigenous people and those who conquered them. Speaking of the former, one might suggest that justice may be manifested in the form of granting them a considerable amount of freedom in various affairs. For example, it would be advantageous if â€Å"indigenous people, as a specific form of exercising their right to self determination, have the right to autonomy or self government† (Churchill, 2003, 424). This way they will be able to preserve their traditional ways of life. As for those who dominate the social life on their territories, one should note that the se conquerors should exercise their powers within a defined framework, so that their rule would not be despotic. Indeed, in this case social justice will come in the form of laws that both parties will strictly comply with. So, the situation of conquering land of indigenous people surely distorts the social justice, but it may be restored in the following way: for aboriginals – in form of granting self government; for conquers – in form of setting just laws that they would comply to so that their rule will be fair and not oppressing.ReferencesChurchill, W. (2003). Perversions of justice: indigenous peoples and Anglo-American law. San Francisco: City Lights Books.

The role of Information Systems in managing operations Marriott International Inc. Essay Example For Students

The role of Information Systems in managing operations: Marriott International Inc. Essay The function of Information Systems in pull offing operations: Marriott International Inc. Executive sum-up Marriott International is a planetary cordial reception operator, with belongingss in the US and 60 nine other states and districts. Its operations include the franchising operation Marriott Lodging, which operates or franchises about 3,000 hotels and resorts under trade names such as JW Marriott Hotels, Renaissance and Courtyard. In entire, Marriott operates hotels under 14 different trade names, with four trade names in full-service housing, three in select-service housing, three in extended-stay housing and four in timeshare. This extended adjustment portfolio is combined with a man-made fuel production installation, which Marriott operates as a joint venture. ( Global Market Information Database, 2005 ) Given the broad size and range of Marriott’s operations around the Earth, information systems are critical to the smooth running of Marriott’s hotel operations, therefore this piece will analyze how they have fit into such a diverse portfolio. Contentss Introduction Procedure / Research Findingss / Analysis Decisions and recommendations Mentions Introduction Many concern administrations in today s information age have holistic, wide positions of concern operations, and orient them to suit the different types of single concern units or operations within their portfolio. In the past, companies were comparatively self-contained and information direction was straightforward, but the diverse concern demands of the modern environment, including scheme preparation, procedure definition, merchandise portfolio definition and building, capital equipment ownership, engineering, substructure and operations can no longer be kept on such a tight rein as many companies held them a decennary ago. ( Olson, 2005 ) The manner enterprises manage their operations has been changed, in cardinal ways, by the information age, and these new attacks are applied by corporations to strategically pull off operations and diverse portfolios with virtually every new enterprise, whether it is internal transmutation, where direct control of hazard factors is really high b ut engineering is new ; with spouses, where direct control over hazard factors is shared ; or with other stakeholders where direct control over hazard factors is frequently really low. As such, it is of import that diverse, transnational operators, such as Marriott International, have solid, manageable information systems in topographic point, to better enable them to pull off their diverse operations and investings. As such, this piece aims to utilize assorted beginnings of secondary research to analyze some of the systems Marriott International uses to pull off its hotel and providing operations information across its planetary hotel retentions. Procedure / Research My primary method of research has been to utilize on-line databases, such as EBSCO host, MINTEL and Euromonitor, to happen relevant articles, both on the usage of information systems in concern operations in general, and more specifically on the usage of information systems within Marriott International’s concern theoretical account. One of the chief, and most good known, uses of information systems by Marriott International is its focal point on engineering enterprises to hike the company s gross revenues. In order to carry through this, the company has implemented a elaborate customer-relationship direction bundle from Siebel Systems Inc. , and engaged in a program to upgrade its cardinal reserves, gross and belongings direction systems, leting clients to see and book suites online. ( Rosen, 2001 ) Another, less good cognize and less obvious country where Marriott International uses information systems is across its many in house catering sections. To assistance with this, the company has completed a rollout of the ChefTec formula direction, nutrient costing and stock list system, a Windows-based platform developed by Culinary Software Services Inc. Marriott International corporate executive chef Peter DAndrea expressed enthusiasm with the new system and discussed the operator s old bill of fare direction procedure. ( Nation s Restaurant News, 1999 ) For illustration, the system means that formulas can be converted automatically from domestic, to metric graduated tables, to imperial sums in the United Kingdom, where Marriott has many belongingss. The operator besides has versions of package in several linguistic communications, including English, Spanish and German, and is working on one in Mandarin Chinese. Marriott besides added its ain glossary of culinary footings, optimal cookery times for off-used nutrients and a year-around planning characteristic, which helps chefs with seasonal bill of fares ; for illustration it informs them that March is the peak month for Asparagus officinales. Denver-based Culinary Software Services besides worked closely with Marriott to cull about 2,500 of its formulas and 500 images and retroflex them onto CD-ROMs, which were be distributed to more than 400 of Marriott s full-service hotels in the United States and abroad. ( Nation s Restaurant News, 1999 ) Taking advantage of ChefTec s nucleus an d advanced characteristics, Marriott International besides will be able to make the followers: form stock lists based on commands from multiple sellers ; hunt for formulas by ingredients, classs and names ; attach exposure and picture files to formulas ; and salvage formulas in the hypertext markup linguistic communication, which will let chefs to administer them over the Internet. William Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, reveals the a EssayAnother monolithic impact of information systems on Marriotts concern is the impact of supplying ‘free-to-guest’ internet entree engineering on the hoteliers’ gross. When this engineering foremost came on the scene, hotelkeepers saw it as an chance for gross coevals, nevertheless as clip progressed, it became a necessity for invitees, every bit good as portion of the scheme to make exceeding value. For case, at Marriott International Inc. s Courtyard and SpringHill Suites trade names, invitees are taking advantage of the high-velocity Internet entree service for more than merely electronic-mail. They are accessing digital music and other types of digital content, and Marriott is presently responsible for the costs of this. ( Shaw, 2005 ) However, as dependable, free to guest internet entree becomes more and more of a demand for invitees, Marriott is being forced to construct these costs into its concern the oretical account, and therefore is able to take a more holistic attack to client information engineering and systems across its concern. This enables Marriott to derive supply concatenation purchase in this country, therefore cut downing the costs of information systems and Internet entree across the group as a whole. Decisions and recommendations By alining the IT scheme with the concern scheme over the past three old ages, Marriott s senior direction has grown to see engineering as an investing instead than an disbursal. The construct of delegating a concern lead and an IT lead to all major undertakings that are technology-enabled starts at the executive degree ( Computerworld, 2001 ) , and executive decision-making meetings, such as Marriott s Business Strategy Review, e-Business Council and Digital Business Strategy, are all cross-functional and co-led. As a consequence, IT better understands and supports Marriott s concern scheme, and concern executives have a much better apprehension of what engineering can and ca nt make. This provides Marriott with a sustainable competitory advantage. CIO Magazine named Marriott International to its Top 100 list for the 5th clip. Marriott is the lone hotel on the list, which recognizes organisations for excellence in information engineering. ( Lodging Hospitality, 2004 ) Marriott’s presence on this list clearly demonstrates the company’s committedness to developing its information systems, and utilizing them to back up its concern. Given that Marriott’s gross grew by 44 % between 1999 and 2004, and net incomes grew by 49 % over the same period ( Global Market Information Database, 2005 ) at the clip of the company’s latest investings in information systems, it is clear from this that information systems are critical to the smooth running of a major transnational hotel operation and, so, this provides grounds that information systems are critical for any major concern operation. Besides, in order to farther growing, Marriott is likely to concentrate strongly on international enlargement, which is importa nt, as Marriott’s portfolio is presently extremely reliant on US hotel gross revenues. As a consequence, Marriott must concentrate on developing the velocity and truth of its information systems to ease this growing, and remain in its current, market leading, place. Mentions Computerworld ( 2001 ) In their ain voices. Vol. 35, Issue 13, p. 42. Global Market Information Database ( 2005 )Marriott International Inc.Euromonitor International. Hamstra, M. ( 1997 )Marriott finds no cookie-cutter solutions for engineering.State s Restaurant News ; Vol. 31, Issue 10, p. 110. Lodging Hospitality. ( 2004 )Tech Bytes.Vol. 60, Issue 13, p. 54. State s Restaurant News ( 1999 )Marriott International s ChefTec makes formula registering a ‘snap’ .Vol. 33, Issue 20, p. 86. Olson, E. G. ( 2005 )Strategically pull offing hazard in the information age: a holistic attack.Journal of Business Strategy ; Vol. 26, Issue 6, p. 45. Rosen, C. ( 2001 )Marriott Uses CRM Application To Hike Gross saless.InformationWeek ; Issue 843, p. 73. Shaw, R. ( 2005 )Free-to-guest services migrate from gross watercourses.Hotel A ; Motel Management ; Vol. 220, Issue 18, p. 26.

Education For Health Professional Practice †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Education For Health Professional Practice. Answer: Learning theories act as a guide for the clinical training for nurses, clinical staffs and doctors. The teachers by acquiring the knowledge can effectively teach an individual or a patient depending on the situation. There are several theories associated with learning theories are social cognitive learning theory, behavioral theory, constructive theory, social learning theory. Understanding learning theory is a major part of the educational psychology, which helps the teachers to provide the best possible learning environment. Theories of learning provide the necessary structure and framework of teaching which is based on certain principles. The educational psychologists examined the various findings from experiments and inferred that learning theories are not only applicable to education but also when the different types of learning theories are paired together can yield better learning experiences (Aliakbari et al., 2015). The Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body's own immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas. Thus, the insulin production gets inhibited. Similar to the type 1 diabetes, the immune system does not damage the beta cells of the pancreas, instead, the insulin production gets hampered due to disease and injury to the pancreas (Atkinson, Eisenbarth Michels, 2014). The client here is a 45-year aged male, named Alex Chan. He is a master in science, professionally a professor in a science college earning 5000 Singapore dollars. He is a quite influential person in the community where he lives. Recently, Mr. Chen has been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, for which he was provided with health education. Mr. Chan is an affluent person was able to afford the costs of nursing service, hence Mr. Chans home was selected as a teaching environment where an experienced nurse will provide him with the necessary diabetic education. According to Estes (2014), cognitive theory of learning focusses on the thinking, organizing, understanding, and consciousness of an individual. This type of learning is not dependent on the observation only, while it focusses more on the understanding and responding capability of an individual. Fundamentalists say that the individual learner must be trained to question and find solutions. Hence, by acquiring information and exploration, an individual will be able to acquire knowledge. The learning procedure must include reviewing the past mistake so that an individual will be able to learn from it. Perspectives of cognition were taken from Gestalt theories of learning. It emphasized on an individuals capability of organizing and transforming the knowledge an individual received from general patterns. Gestalt believed that the knowledge gained as a whole is much more beneficial that gained in smaller quantities (Koffka, 2013). The cognitive theory includes four laws of understanding: continuity, similarity, vicinity, relevance. The cognitive theory also explains the mental behavior which is influenced by the extrinsic and intrinsic factors, thus enhancing the learning of an individual. According to Stevens (2013), cognitive theories depend on the individual capacity of learning. A persons rational mind complements the amount of data that it accumulates and processes. Often knowledge gathered from the surroundings by observation leaves a deep impression on the minds of the learner. This learning and the knowledge helps the person to tackle situations and that may arise in future. Cognitive theory lays emphasis on an individual learning and understanding. While Mr. Chan is professionally a science professor, this learning theory is appropriate for him as he possesses a sound and rational mind. Type 1 diabetes affects the nerves and the blood vessels and therefore is able to damage any body part. Although some organs are generally more affected by diabetes like heart, eyes, kidneys. There are certain complications that arise after the incidence of diabetes. Which include controlling the cholesterol and blood pressure. All these complications can be avoided by guiding Mr. Chan to avoid smoking and drinking alcohol, having a healthy diet, including a regular physical activity regime. These steps will help Mr. Chan to understand the severity of diabetes. Mr. Chans understanding and perception will guide him to follow the restrictions on the diet and smoking and drinking. Similar to the complications there are other associated issues like the increased chances of s troke. The incidence of stroke is dependent on high blood pressure and cholesterol; thus Mr. Chan's cognitive abilities will help him to monitor his health complications arising due to the unhealthy diet. Therefore, it is essential that Mr. Chan is given the right education that will help him to recover from diabetes. Considering a different male patient (client) named Adrian Wang who is unemployed, aged around 55 and lacking proper education, a different learning theory called the social cognitive theory is applicable. The social cognitive theory works by enhancing the learning ability of an individual by engaging him to acquire knowledge by observing other patients suffering from a similar type of diseases. Often observing a patient following certain guidelines and benefitting from it makes other patients realize that recovery is possible (Nutbeam, Harris Wise, 2010). Therefore, the conscious brain gains knowledge from its surroundings (extrinsic) factors, personal (intrinsic) factors and behavioral factors. These three factors are interrelated with each other, which causes the occurrence of learning (Bandura, 2009). Therefore, to conclude from the above revelation, cognitive theory of learning stems from an individual's way of perceiving ideas, gathering information, processing, and organization. Cognitive learning is applicable to any field or discipline. Mr. Chan and Mr. Wang here depict a contrasting picture. Mr. Chang gaining knowledge from his own understanding and knowledge while Mr. Wang gains knowledge from others behavior and action. References Aliakbari, F., Parvin, N., Heidari, M., Haghani, F. (2015). Learning theories application in nursing education.Journal of education and health promotion,4. Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., Michels, A. W. (2014). Type 1 diabetes.The Lancet,383(9911), 69-82. Bandura, A. (2009). The social cognitive theory goes global. Estes, W. K. (Ed.). (2014).Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes (Volume 4): Attention and Memory. Psychology Press. Koffka, K. (2013).Principles of Gestalt psychology(Vol. 44). Routledge. Nutbeam, D., Harris, E., Wise, W. (2010).Theory in a nutshell: a practical guide to health promotion theories. McGraw-Hill. Stevens, A. L. (2013). A cognitive theory of inquiry teaching.Instructional design theories and models: An overview of their current status, 247. Van Merrinboer, J. J., Sweller, J. (2010). Cognitive load theory in health professional education: design principles and strategies.Medical education,44(1), 85-93.

Service Quality in Management

Service quality refers to the outcome of a certain service relative to expected performance. Service quality determines the impact that an organization has on its customers. In addition, it determines its economic competitiveness in the market. High competition in the global markets has prompted organizations to focus on providing service of high quality to their customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Service Quality in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations are always in search for different ways that can help them to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Service quality management is one of the strategies that many companies are employing today in order to deal with the challenges of deregulation and high competitiveness. There are several reasons that render management of service quality important. Quality of service is one of the ways used to gain customer loyalty, sustain growth and earnings, and counter global competition. Offering services of high quality is necessary because it wins customer loyalty, which is an important aspect of growth for any business. Moreover, providing quality service contributes significantly to retention of customers by a company. Low quality of service leads to customer defection, which results in decline in earnings and renders a company incapable of competing effectively. Customers use aspects such as reliability, performance, competence and durability to determine the quality of service provided by a company. Service quality has several dimensions that managers should incorporate in their management system. These include reliability, responsiveness, access, courtesy, competence, credibility, communication, and understanding. In order for employees to offer quality service, they should offer services accurately and in a dependable manner, be ready to offer prompt services when needed, possess adequate knowledge to enab le them to offer certain services, and should be readily accessible to customers. Managers should ensure that employees are polite, considerate, and friendly to customers. Customers evaluate the quality of service according to how they are treated and the level of satisfaction of their needs. In addition, quality service can be provided by inculcating the ideals of honesty, trust, and responsibility in employees. It is important for employees to know and understand the needs of customers in order to be able to satisfy them fully.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Providing high quality service involves satisfying the needs of a customer fully, and at times exceeding a customer’s expectations on service delivery. A company’s management can use several ways to improve service quality and ensure that customers are fully satisfied. Managers should design their servic es with the aid of their customers, promote teamwork in order to encourage improvement of service quality, and set service quality as one of the organization’s goal. In addition, employee training on customer satisfaction and service quality is important. Training helps employees to learn the important aspects of offering quality service. Customer satisfaction is an important feature of ensuring high quality service. Therefore, managers should obtain feedback from customers on their evaluation of the quality of service and use the feedback to develop strategies that facilitate improvement of their service. Managers determine the quality of service immensely since they set the expected standards of service delivery that are followed by employees. In setting these standards, it is necessary for them to involve customers and employees. Methods that managers could use to improve service quality include guaranteeing, statistical process control and active involvement of customers. Moreover, service quality improves customer satisfaction and increases an organization’s earnings. Therefore, customer involvement in evaluating the quality of service is important. This essay on Service Quality in Management was written and submitted by user Seamus Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reviewing IELTS Task and Opinion Essay Samples

Reviewing IELTS Task and Opinion Essay SamplesIn this article, we look at the IELTS task and opinion essay samples that you can use for review. These are some of the main topics that will be covered in your IELTS course and can help you get prepared for the test. With this information, you should have a good understanding of where you need to focus and how you can prepare. So let's take a look at some sample essays.When preparing for a TOEIC test, you need to familiarize yourself with some key points. They are in the form of three words that will be present on most of the question types. Once you have learned this, you will have a very good chance of passing the TOEIC exam. However, that is not all there is to learn when it comes to this topic. There are also a number of other topics that you should be familiar with in order to pass.First of all, it will help if you know what type of topic you are up against and the type of one that you are trying to answer. This helps you to know wh at type of material you should expect and what type of material you need to avoid. This knowledge should also be applied to the word limits of the paper. Do not try to overload yourself because this will only result in a poor performance. As with any other subject, it will be important to keep your writing simple.In IELTS task and opinion essay samples, you will also need to learn how to decide between writing and essay based on grammar. In most cases, you will be able to answer the entire question from your own research as it will be very simple. However, you need to ensure that your final answer has been written correctly and is free from grammatical errors.You will also find some examples of the types of materials that you will be given in IELTS task and opinion essay samples. This will help you make sure that your material matches the type of one that you will receive. Remember that this is an exam and you will need to be prepared in a number of different ways.When you are revie wing the IELTS task and opinion essay samples, it will help to compare them with each other. This will help you to see what kinds of things you can include in your paper and which ones you will be excluded from. In the end, you will be able to give your best in terms of writing skills.Originality is something that everyone needs to have in order to succeed. However, being original can be difficult for some people. With the IELTS task and opinion essay samples, you will be able to see how well you can do when it comes to originality. This will help you see whether or not you can write interesting, interesting material. It can also help you see what you should avoid when writing original materials.The truth is that these are all topics that you need to know about when reviewing the IELTS task and opinion essay samples. However, it will be important for you to review all of them carefully. This will allow you to gain a better understanding of the topics that you need to know about. Rem ember that once you have prepared for an exam like this, you will need to practice regularly in order to achieve a better score.

The Legality of Use of Force against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 The WritePass Journal

The Legality of Use of Force against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 Abstract The Legality of Use of Force against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 . Jervis Ray ‘Cooperation under Security Dilemma’ (1978) 30 World Politics 167 Lublan Derrick‘Preventive War’ (2004) 32(3) Philosophy and Public Affairs 230 Michael Reisman‘Assessing Claims to Revise the Law of War’ (2010) 97 Murphy, Sean, ‘Assessing the Legality of Invading Iraq’ (2003) 4 Georgetown Law Journal 4 Nicholas Kralev, ‘Russia Vows Pre-emptive Terror Hits’ (2004)The Washington Times

Critical analysis of Inescapably Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical analysis of Inescapably Me - Essay Example The title of the poem is in sync with the context of the poem as it hints about the action that takes place in the poem i.e. his desire to find escape and solace either in the form of death or in this life by winning his beloved’s affection. The poem is depicted in free verse which means that it does not follow a definitive rhyme pattern and the words are not rhythmic in their flow yet the readers observe an inherent rhythm and flow of the poet’s thoughts. It can be perceived that the poet’s style of writing follows the phenomenon of stream of consciousness i.e. one thought triggers a completely different or new thought. For example he starts off from talking about a clerk in a coffin shop in Hong Kong, which reminds him of a death or loss he has recently suffered, ultimately reminding him of his beloved Ley and his deeply ingrained feelings of love and care for her. Chan’s style of writing or the diction of the poem is very simple yet deep in meaning. By using easy language he encapsulates essence of meaning projecting the importance of love in an individual’s life which has the power of either making an individual the luckiest man alive or the unluckiest one depending on that person’s circumstances and fate. 2.2. ... Furthermore this life is a test where success or failure has the same result however love acts as a potion to make life seem more beautiful and enjoyable. The reference to the â€Å"coffin shop† as well as the last line of the poem where he says, â€Å"before Quentin buys those lead weights like shoes and throws himself off a bridge† (lines 29-30) both depict death. In the former’s case writer reflects on death as a natural process where eventually every individual is going to die. However towards the end the later lines can be perceived as a threat or a desire to die in order to end Quentin’s suffering and pain because otherwise this life is a living hell for him, from which he is unable to escape as the title also hints upon this reality i.e. â€Å"Inescapably Me†. The poet makes use of a variety of colors which adds an element of beauty to the context of the poem. Some of the colors which he uses in the poem include yellow, orange, peach and the checkered floor†. The yellow color symbolizes deterioration or sterility. While orange and peach are the colors of hope and prosperity however death engulfs the individual before he could relish in the bliss of contentment and happiness. The reference to Black and White color can be interpreted as the poets understanding of this transitory life where life is an amalgamation of good and bad happiness and sorrows and as he says in the poem as well that, â€Å"the rice wine poured on to the black-and-white checkered floor. Someone will mop it up later† (line 18) eventually everything comes to an end. 2.3. Allusions Chan in his poem refers to two literary allusions that is â€Å"Le Ballon Rouge† (Line 25) and â€Å"Achilles Heel† (line 10). â€Å"Le Ballon Rouge† is an

ETH301 MODULE 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ETH301 MODULE 1 - Assignment Example First, they are respected, and second, they are famous. In other words, celebrities are the perfect epitome of brand attraction, and their mere association with the product guarantees profitability. Now, celebrity advertising, the aim of which is to let the celebrity speak on behalf of the brand is coupled with positive and negative bearings at present. Over the past, recent years, â€Å"outside forces† have significantly â€Å"influenced† in company’s choice of a potential brand endorser (Lipsey 79). This force is the media’s interest in scrutinizing the private lives and affairs of celebrities and his or her behavior that considerably affects the reputation of the company either it is a positive or negative gossip (Lipsey 79). To be specific, these are what we call celebrity scandals and misdemeanors. To date, history provides that consumers in the ancient times had no knowledge about the celebrity’s whereabouts except for its appearance on print advertisements, and the celebrity’s negative habits were â€Å"overshadowed† by his or her skills and performance (Lipsey 79). However, that is not the case today. In times of celebrity scandals, major companies are in a deliberate dilemma whether to retain the endorser or drop him or her in the roster. Today’s scandals are so powerful in influencing the minds of consumers because of the advances in technology that no matter how skillful the athlete is during his match, he is overshadowed by his celebrated scandal. Friedman and Friedman (qtd. in Kahle and Kim 161) hold that advertisers chose celebrities over non celebrities as endorsers because it represents the â€Å"self-image† and â€Å"taste† of the celebrity over the product. A certain celebrity endorsement entails a close relationship between the celebrity and the brand (Kahle and Kim 162). However, a noted research conducted by Baker and Churchill in 1977 (qtd. in Kahle and Kim 162) reveals that â€Å"sex† and â€Å"attractiveness† of any celebrity endorsers catch the attention of the consumers, but is â€Å"ineffective† in influencing consumers’ perception towards the endorsed product. It is difficult to draw the line between the celebrity’s influence towards the brand and the way consumers perceived the brand because somehow, they are closely associated. However, I strongly believe that it is a hasty decision for companies to drop the celebrity endorser on the grounds of public scandal that are irrelevant to the product being endorsed by the involved celebrity. For instance, Tiger Woods’ infidelity issue prompted most of his major sponsors to back out and cut off his endorsement deals. There has been no research yet to prove the correlation between Woods’ exits from his endorsement deal in Nike to the company’s increase in sales, but there are researches to prove that Gillette somehow loses profit when he stoppe d promoting the brand. The point is people are no longer ignorant to reach an illogical conclusion that Gillette’s brand quality will be reduced because Tiger Woods have an affair. It would be consistent if Woods supports a campaign for family planning methods so that his dropping from the brand is justifiable. It is justifiable, though, to scrap the celebrity endorser from a company’s roster of endorsers if he or she is no longer winning. Especially in sporting apparel and sports drinks, the winning track record of the sports icon is very important in the success of the product in the

Fiduciary Responsibility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fiduciary Responsibility - Research Paper Example It reveals how the board can busy themselves with governing its corporate, financial planning by controlling budget values and not the budget members. In addressing the thesis statement of comparing and contrasting Corporate Fiduciary Responsibility and Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance, we will draw attention to the significant of the two concepts. Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Verse Corporate Fiduciary Responsibility Holt (2008) indicates that the Sarbanes –Oxley is based on the legislative and administrative, whereas corporate fiduciary responsibility, although, based on the statutory, it is established from the equity and is created by judges. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), the corporate fiduciary responsibility under the state law practices has fluid standards and duties based approach. Whereas Sarbanes –Oxley adopt a rule based approach to corporate governance. According to Hopkins (2011), fiduciary responsibility requires board members of exempt corporate to be objec tive and should act for its excellent and betterment, rather than for their personal benefit. Sarbanes –Oxley indiscriminately imposes significant compliance cost on the corporate due to the inflexible rules that are applied to corporate regardless of the situation. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), fiduciary relationship arises in the context of complex and constantly evolving long-term arrangements. Thus, do not provide themselves with easy, clear line rules or detailed regulations. However, Sarbanes –Oxley does not involve the complexities of the corporate environment. It deals with setting wide standards and allowing corporate a chance in determining how best to comply with those standards. The occurrence of corporate misconduct provides essential insights about the manner that board members demonstrate compliances with their fiduciary responsibility. Kieff and Paredes (2010) indicate that trustee responsibility is limited in that the fiduciary who agrees to t ake control of plan assets may appoint an investment manager. If the investment manager is appointed, the trustee is not accountable for that the investment manager’s acts. Meanwhile, he or she is not under any obligation to invest or to manage any plan asset that is subject to the management of the investment manager. Moreover, a plan may expressly provide that the trustee is subject to follow the ways of listed party who is not a trustee. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), a trustee is subject to proper directions of that named fiduciary. Since this duty does not relieve the trustee from determining whether the direction of the named fiduciary is prudent, it does not considerably limit a trustee’s responsibility. In additional, where plan assets are detained by more than one trustee, trustee is only accountable for an act of a trustee own trust. Meanwhile, co trustees may agree to allocate responsibilities, obligations and duties among themselves in case such agr eement is authorized by the trust instrument. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), a trustee will not be accountable for a loss to the plan arising from the acts of another trustee to whom responsibility has been allocated. However, in the Sarbanes –Oxley the corporate are seeking to reduce the cost of ongoing compliance while maximizing benefits (Holt, 2008). Meanwhile, the act does not authorize corporate to change audit firms periodically, but recommends essential

HIV and AIDS :: STD, HIV, AIDS

AIDS/HIV   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as AIDS, is caused by the incurable HIV virus. AIDS is a deadly disease that deteriorates the immune system. There are two groups of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HIV-1 that occurs throughout the world and HIV-2 that mainly occurs in Africa. The HIV virus enters the white blood cells and takes over the reproductive system of that cell and uses the system to reproduce itself. The white blood cell dies and the new HIV cells infect other white blood cells and repeat the process. The Person with the disease will eventually die because the white blood cell dies off tottally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you have become infected with the AIDS disease you may not have any symptoms of the disease for the next ten years. People with the HIV virus usually look and feel healthy and may not even know that they are infected. Even though they don't look or feel sick, they can still infect others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the symptoms do start to happen they can be like the ones of many common sicknesses such as swollen glands, coughing, fever, and diarrhea. It is usually characterized by severe weight loss and fatigue.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The AIDS disease makes the less serious conditions harder for your body to control or get rid of because of the loss of many of the white blood cells in your body. The most common causes of death for the people with AIDS are pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma. Kaposi's sarcoma which shows up as purple lesions on the skin and tumors known as B-cell lymphomas have affected 70% of the infected people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS is transmitted in three main ways. Intimate sexual contact such as having vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who is infected with HIV is the most common. While direct contact with infected blood, like sharing needles for injecting drugs, HIV also can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during pregancy or childbirth. Although some people speculate, you cannot receive the disease from kissing on the cheek and it is very unlikely that you could get HIV even from open mouth kissing, you also cannot get the disease/virus from close hugging, touching, cuddling, and massages as long as there isn't any open cuts or abrassions. HIV also cannot be contracted from using toilet seats,telephones, drinking fountains, straws, spoons, or cups or mosquitoes, air, food, water, coughs/sneezes, sweat or tears.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is a sentence of slow but defininate death. There currently is no cure or vaccine for this disease but there are drugs that have been proven effective in slowing the

Organisation and Management †Assignment One Essay

For the purpose of this assignment I have chosen transport and logistics company Mainfreight Limited. I will be focusing specifically on the outbound night crew. This team is responsible for loading freight from the Wellington region onto trucks to be sent to branches across New Zealand. Inside this team there is one supervisor who works with the loading team on the floor also loading and is responsible for smooth daily operations. The mid level manager is the Operations Manager who is responsible for the supervisor and implementing organisational plans such as reducing damages to freight. The top manager in this case is the Branch Manager who sets goals for the branch and oversees planning for the future. Q1) An economic reason for a truck loading crew operating at night is that it’s cheaper to travel at night due to faster travel times and less fuel consumption for the trucks on empty roads I think this reason applies most strongly to my organisation because it will increase the profit. A social reason for the organisation is that there is less risk of accidents late at night on empty roads. A personal reason to form this organisation could be a love for trucks. Q2) Figurehead: The most well known figurehead of Mainfreight Wellington is the branch manager, an activity could be a speech at the grand opening, skills he would need include public speaking competency and reliability. Entrepreneur: The entrepreneur of the branch initiates innovative solutions and change to the organisation such as the branch manager diversifying from road transport to including rail or sea transportation. Some skills needed for this role are creativity and brevity. Resource allocator: Within my organisation this role is filled by the operations manager, who distributes resources such as equipment like forklifts and workers if needed to fulfill the crews workload. Some skills needed for this role are time management and planning ability. Disseminator: An activity a manager in this role might perform is gathering information from customers and producing estimates of freight quantities for the truck loaders who could then plan how they layout their loads. Skills need ed are the ability to gather and analyze information. Q3) ‘Soldiering’ by Frederick Taylor is when workers purposely limit output by not working to full capacity in order to avoid causing redundancies and to avoid losing incentive pay by exceeding required performance levels. The impacts of workers ‘soldiering’ on my organisation could mean that if there is a large influx of freight and workers don’t load it all that night, the delay could anger the customer who will then take their business elsewhere. If workers are soldiering performance will not be maximized and low productivity could cause a fall in capital investment and the eventual decline of the business. Q4) ‘Time and motion studies’ streamline task processes by reducing inefficient motions and then once the task process has been adjusted through motion studies the time studies then seeks to reflect a standard length of time in which the refined task process should be completed. Time and Motion studies’ are a technique to increase task efficiency by workers to increase the output with no greater physical effort. An impact of T&M studies on my organisation is that incoming freight is placed in bays so loaders do not have to go back and forth to the unloading area.

Arts Dissertation - Visual Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6424 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Hair has traditionally been cited as a discernibly female expression of sexuality and beauty, an aesthetic composition that exacerbates a womans ability to attract members of the opposite sex while acting as a visual demarcation line between the male female divides. Conversely, the fact that men often begin to lose their hair during the middle stages of their life adds further mystique to the power of female hair in popular western culture. Like her sexuality, a womans hair is unrelenting burning bright like the female passion that has so unsettled male artists for centuries. Symbolically, the difference between male and female hair has been ephemeral versus eternal; short lived as opposed to everlasting, a fantasy constructed entirely in tandem with a lack of knowledge or even interest in female sexuality within intellectual and artistic circles in the past. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Arts Dissertation Visual Culture" essay for you Create order The notion of female hair working together with her sexuality as a tool to make a mockery of men was first cemented artistically during the ancient era, where Greek mythologys most famous exponent of the power of seduction of female hair, the Gorgon Medusa, stands as a warning to all men: to beware the hidden power of a beautiful woman. The punishment inflicted upon Medusa by the Goddess Athena because of her famous beauty and charm was to transform her sensual hair into a nest of snakes: for mortal man to even look at her would cast him, quite literally, into stone. With such a powerful, traditional starting point, it is little wonder that the issue of women, hair, art and society would continue along a broadly similar pattern for so many years, where stereotypically beautiful women were seen by men as constituting the front line of the ongoing cultural and sexual war an object to be simultaneously admired and feared. However, according to James Kirwan (1999:73), it is not female sexuality which is destructive but rather male desire for that beauty. The passion of the lover is not extinguished by the sight or touch of any body, for what he truly desires and unknowingly suffers is the splendour of God shining through the body. It is a desire like that of Narcissus that can never be satisfied. Within the specifically subjective realms of art and visual art, female hair has a long history of conforming to the accepted image of the compliant, recipient woman due to the pervasive, dominant nature of men in art and society. Until the second half of the twentieth century women had become so accustomed to viewing their world through the eyes of men that they had lost sight of the individuality of women as a separate gender and as singular, autonomous human beings. Yet after the 1960s, visual art and aesthetics became increasingly interested in the views of the first wave of feminism, continuing along more radical, left wing lines with the introduction of the second wave during the 1970s. Women were embraced within the artistic community and encouraged to vent and express their sentiments regarding the suppression of the feminine in popular culture. As feminist critic Lucy Lippard (1980:352) details, the true power of feminist art was, logically, in the polar opposite image that it portrayed of modern societys creative achievements. Feminist method and theories have instead offered a socially concerned alternative to the increasingly mechanised evolution of art about art. The 1970s might not have been pluralist at all if women had not emerged during the decade to introduce the multi coloured threads of female experience into the male fabric of modern art. Moreover, women began to change their appearance for the first time in direct protest at the shackles of uniformity that male society had put upon them and hair was at the centre of the re moulding of the image of femininity in the West. The more radical, younger women changed their clothes, re adapted their attitudes and cut their hair in line with the more liberal males of the period who did likewise and grew their hair as a signal of their refusal to conform. The dissertation aims to examine how traditional social and sexual mores have changed in recent times in order to detail what this means for the visual artistic community, in particular the consequences for female artists in the wake of post modernity. In light of the obvious split in feminist art and culture that has been witnessed since the sixties, the dissertation will necessarily be divided into four main sections. The first chapter will provide an analysis and definition of the broader socio political framework of contemporary female sexuality so as to provide a better understanding of the power of feminine symbolism in a male dominated culture. The second chapter will look at the history of female hair and portrayals of female sexuality over the broader history of art; the third chapter examines modern visual art and culture paying particular attention to the use of hair as a medium for communicating with the spectator. The fourth chapter will analyse outsider arts views of female sexuality and hair, as defined by technology and race respectively. A conclusion will be sought only after taking into account each of the above headings as well as the necessary citations that must be employed to back up theory with example along the way. Contemporary Female Sexuality in Post Modern Society Female subversion in cultural affairs has led to womans alienation in the creative world with the result that her sexuality has only very recently been considered important enough to be the inspiration behind a growing body of academic literature. While feminism in the 1970s saw to it that gay women were represented in culture and art as much as heterosexual women, the movement of lesbians into the avant garde community only served to act as a dividing line between straight and gay women whereby many heterosexual female artists were seen as traitors to their own sex. Recent popular works of art and literature have sought to re introduce complexity into an area where theories about the nature of sexual liberty, manufactured largely by men, had become overtly simplistic. The most extreme exponent of the contemporary debate about female sexuality comes from Paris Curator for Conceptual Art, Catherine Millet and her 2002 memoirs, The Sexual Life of Catherine M. In an interview with The Observer (2002:13) newspaper, the French art critic notes that: Sexual mores have evolved recently; nevertheless some sexual practices are only tolerated if they are kept hidden. I look forward to a democratisation of sexuality where anyone can reveal their true nature without suffering socially. Women in Western society have become more independent, assertive and culturally aggressive during the past twenty five years so that female sexuality, in 2005, although still a topic in transition, is a force to be reckoned with inside of the male corridors of artistic influence. Yet contemporary feminist art is an amalgamation and result of the prejudices and taboos that went before it; it is, therefore a symptom of post modernity the culture that defines itself as the generation after the initial social liberation of the sixties implicitly and intrinsically linked to both gender and sexuality. As Christopher Reed (1997:276) implies, feminism was the catalyst for the widespread disassociation that is at the root of post modern radicals ground breaking view of sexuality. From the outset, postmodernism dislodged the wedge that mainstream modernism had driven between art and life feminists, in particular, questioned the way the anti authoritarian rhetoric of postmodernism seemed to become itself a form of cultural authority. However, although it is true that women play a far more integral role than they did barley two or three generations beforehand, modernity has not constituted a complete break with the past. Modern art, as a direct relation of post-modern society, remains a sphere still largely controlled by men. What it has done is to ask questions where previously only traditional lines of argument were sought. In this way it can viewed as a series of separate branches that emanated from the same initial tree creating seedlings of avant garde, abstract art, conceptual art, minimalist art and pop art to name but the most famous few. The sum of the legacy of the schism that occurred in society after the residue of the minor cultural revolution of the sixties had settled was a general approval of art as inversion: that what was previously long was short, that what was previously deemed as beautiful was altered until it became ugly until, paradoxically, it was ultimately seen as beautiful once again. According to Donald Kuspit (artnet.com; first viewed 13 September 2005), modern and post modern art is obsessed with perverse images of sexuality as a source of constantly finding ways to push the barriers of societys rigid attitude towards sexuality and the physical form. The treatment of (the body) as the be all and end all of existence, and the only thing at stake in a relationship is the source of modern arts perversion. It extends to a preoccupation with the body of the work of the art itself, which also becomes the object of perverse formal acts. Postmodernism, therefore, implies rapidly increasing parity between men and women in all spheres of western culture best viewed in the sense of a blurring of the traditional boundaries of sexuality as opposed to a complete merger. At this point it should be noted that, in the same way that it was white males that dominated western art, so the feminists who influenced the first stages of avant garde art were predominantly white, educated and middle to upper class. The issue of race and religion is equally as significant in the discussion of feminism as it is within an analysis of society at large; cliques and hierarchies are a necessary by product of modern civilisation and their presence (and influence) should come as no surprise to basic students of sociology. Hair, every bit as much as skin colour, is a visible dividing line between the races and in the West the image of the Caucasian variety of female hair as a symbol of womens sexuality has resulted in a womans movement that is f ractured and splintered, more so given the brevity of the ideology as a whole. The essential link between culture and art, as well as politics and art means that nothing created during the early years of feminism was out of the reach of politicisation and none of it would have been made were it not for the wider advent of post modern society. Or, as Gombrich (1986:11) puts it: not all art is concerned with visual discovery . With the backdrop to the arrival of feminist sexuality and art in place, an evaluation of how one of the most potent symbols of feminine sexuality was used as a tool of womans subordination in art in the past must now be attempted. Female Hair, Sexuality and Symbolism in the History of Visual Art As already outlined, the question of womens hair and artistic expression is deep rooted in all civilisations. As well as the Greek and Roman equations of hair with dormant female sexuality, the pre Raphaelite artists also promulgated the view of feminine hair as seductive conqueror of weak male spirits. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century paintings continued to expand on the association of the snakes or ringlets of the Gorgons Head with male fear of female genitalia; the reversal of roles whereby the sinuous hairs of Medusa were inverted to symbolise the male phallic icon of power of women and nature. These notions were underlined by Freuds analysis that saw the intricate waves of classical female hair as symbolic of female metamorphosis and change characterised by the uniquely female ability to transcend gender. According to Meghan Edwards (victorianweb.org; first viewed 15 September 2005), the Classical and Romantic image of the female using her hair to devour male libido was a collective and conscious manifestation of fear in Victorian society, one that was transmitted from the ancient period through to the advent of modern visual art. The myth of women who carry in their femininity a grotesque vagina with teeth or who have embedded in their being a serpent or snake with the power to castrate took root long before Rossettis Lady Lilith but became increasingly unambiguous, bizarrely personalized, and widespread among the Symbolist poets and painters by the end of the [nineteenth] century. Visual and psychoanalytic connections between hair and serpents become increasingly explicit in Fernand Khnopffs The Blood of the Medusa, Franz von Stucks Fatality, and Edvard Munchs Vampire, wherein we see the complexity and ambiguousness that infused the imagery of earlier artists like the Rossettis, Waterhouse, Tennyson, and many others give way to an unrestrained fear and indulgence in the grotesque. Rossettis Regina Cordium (Queen of Hearts), which he painted in 1860, began a period of change in artistic perspective on female hair, where it was accented as a means to communicate a womans ultimate fragility and dependence on man: the first realisation of her sexuality as the embodiment of mans annihilation and self destruction. Pollock (1992:132) notes how, her hair is loose, a decent and suggestive sign of allowed disorder, conventionally a sign of womans sexuality. It is of course significant that almost all of the most artistic and visual instances of female hair in painting were created by men. Many male artists, such as Manet, whos Olympia (1863 5) stands as the most obvious popular example, were non apologetic in terms of their bourgeois fascination with lower class women who were able to fulfil the well to do gentlemans most liberal carnal desires. As the prism through which both men and women viewed societys accepted ideal of the female form, these works of art (especially significant in the days before photography and other twentieth century means of visual communication) constituted the only truth that women knew. Artists of the Enlightenment such as Jean Baptiste Greuze, whos Broken Mirror (1773) charts the social struggle of sexually experienced yet single young woman, as well as High Victorian painters like William Holman Hunt, whos The Awakening Conscience (1853) details the plight and unique dilemma of a kept woman, all converged to create the prevailing image of female sexuality that remained the staple diet of western art for much of the twentieth century: a smouldering power that could be easily sedated by the socio political power of man. As Judy Chicago and Edward Lucie Smith (1999:88) testify, the fallen woman was the most popular portrayal of female sexuality for many of the male artists who dominated the pre twentieth century artistic arena with creators highlighting her essential weakness with a minimal visual emotional connection. She is the one who has no way out, and the painter contemplates her dilemma with a sort of repressed sadism. With each one of these works one feels a conflict of intention. The artist, will ostensibly sympathising with the plight of his female subjects, in fact enjoys their suffering, and expects the audience to do so as well. Where hair was employed as a tool to reference female sexuality, it was used to derisory and derogatory effect, as witnessed in the 1934 sculpture by Ren Magritte entitled, Le Viol (The Rape), which transforms a mould of a womans torso into a distorted image of her face; her breasts are made into eyes, the hair covering her genitals becomes the mouth, while locks of coarse wavy hair protrude from the neck, conforming to the male stereotype of female hair as an instantly recognisable feature of her fertile sexuality. Clearly, female artists, although very much in the minority were by no means obsolete and painters such as Louise Marie Elizabeth Vige Lebrun, Rosalba Carriera and Angela Kauffman are but three of a long history of richly talented women artists who showed the intellectual and artistic communities the muted side of female sexuality, beyond the narrow conceptual borders imposed by man. However, in relation to the issue of hair as a vehicle through which to transport female sexuality to the viewer, few of these artists, male or female, made substantial in roads into a deeper philosophical exploration. It is important to note the significant socio economic shift that beset Europe and the United States after the end of the Great War in 1918. Because of their contribution to the labour force, in addition to the nascent political bodies such as the Womens Institute (founded in 1915) and the Suffragette Movement, females in the West were for the first time able to exist, albeit nominally at first, outside of the control of a patriarch. Gradually at first, more completely after the end of the Second World War in 1945, women were able to embrace independency, which necessarily brought with it tremendous consequences for the artistic community. Whereas women artists previously had to pander to male taste in order to sell as well as fund their work, women artists of the second half of the twentieth century were more able to create for the sake of creation as opposed to as a means to fit into male structured society. As Anne Sheppard (1987:97) details, the significance of the release of the socio economic weights of expectation inherently means that essence of the artistic endeavour must change. Among an audiences expectations of a work of art are expectations concerned with artistic forms and conventions. The Greeks of the fifth century BC would expect a chorus in a tragedy. Shakespeares contemporaries would expect a Fool in a comedy. Mozarts contemporaries would expect harpsichord music to be played with trills and grace notes. Giottos contemporaries would expect saints to be painted with haloes. As a broad rule of all artistic behaviour, artists had traditionally been bound by the expectations of the paying audience. Thus, the revolution concerning female sexuality and the way in which she has been visually portrayed came via economic emancipation first. Attention must now be turned to instances of female hair as a means of expression of sexuality in modern visual culture after the creative liberation of women. Female Hair as a Medium in Modern Visual Culture The above background to the advent of the age of modernity, and of the arrival and acceptance of women within the upper echelons of the artistic community in the West, highlights the male dominated nature of notions of female sexuality. Hair was expressed as one of the most seductive of all of womans charms an intricate part of the parcel that was created by God solely for mans destruction. Even when woman is portrayed as life giver in art, the act is more often than not displayed as ugly and confrontational, as Jonathan Wallers Mother No. 27 (1996) testifies. Indeed, the ongoing negative reaction of museums to child birth and maternity reveals more about the still dominant attitudes of females as sex objects as opposed to life enablers as destructive rather than constructive, which is to the detriment of the art community as a whole. It naturally follows that while the majority of the (male) art community continued to associate flowing female hair with her ubiquitous sexuality, women artists tied to the first and second waves of the international feminists movement would wish to convey a hidden, alternative image. One of the most universally celebrated of twentieth century female artists was without doubt Frida Kahlo. She is famous not only for the wealth of talent and technique that was at her disposal but also for her independent, analytical and honest view of women, given added significance due to her prominent position in Mexican society. Her self portrait with cropped hair (1940), which is housed in New Yorks Museum of Modern Art constituted the first mainstream attempt to castrate the pervasive female sexuality as characterised by the iconography of ubiquitous long hair. It should be recalled that this painting was created at a time when uniformity of sexuality was the cultural norm: women were meant to hav e long hair, which meant that the subtle question Kahlo posed to women who viewed it was magnified all the more. Two decades later, at the dawn of the watershed decade of the 1960s, the impact of the famous Beatles haircut, first styled and professionally photographed by Astrid Kircherr (who exhibits the cropped blonde look in a self photograph in 1961) was universal within western culture and was noteworthy for its inversion of traditional sexual roles. As, during the sixties, young men grew their hair longer so young women were more inclined to cut their own, highlighting a deliberate cultural means of rebelling against the tired sexual mores of the time. Gay women, in particular, began to associate short hair with sexual freedom. Although contemporary Western society views the stereotypical butch woman with short hair as symptomatic of the lesbian underworld, it was indeed a bold move in the sixties and seventies for a woman to cut her hair in such a symbolic gesture. In this way, women such as the avant garde artist Harmony Hammond (who famously came out via cutting her previously long, feminine hair in New York in 1974) were using their own hair and body image as their art, to make a statement that, visually and aesthetically, woman was no longer the lens through which man peered at his own vision of beauty. As per all cultural de constructions of popular mythology, the actual look of a womans hair was the only the first building block of conformity to be removed in the first phase of feminist expression. Harmony Hammond, furthermore, was one of the most prominent users of hair as an artistic material. Whereby hair was previously used to express female sexuality via depicting or painting the length, texture and contours, Hammond and the burgeoning abstract sect of North American artists sought to incorporate hair into their work to bring attention to the social and sexual constraints by which we all live. She used her own hair in the construction of a hair blanket as well as utilising animal hair to make hair bags. Hammond used materials such as hemp, straw, thread and braids to reference the equation of feminine hair with sexuality throughout her body of work. As Paul Eli Ivey (queerculturalcenter.org; first viewed 21 September 2005) explains, Harmony Hammond exhibited the greatest abil ity to manoeuvre female hair away from its association with beautiful heterosexual objects of male desire, combining ideology and aesthetics in a discernibly feminist manner. In the 1990s, Hammond combined latex rubber with her own hair and the hair of her daughter or friends, to suggest landscapes of gendered and sexualised bodies. The braid and the pony tail also took on a life of their own as personified characters: the braid relating to an integration of mind, body, and spirit; the stylised ponytail becoming a flirtatious, sexualised persona. Her sculpture, Speaking Braids, plays on the difficulty in forming a singular feminine voice in such a diverse culture, where lesbian and bisexual women still feel cut off from the socially acceptable heterosexual females of the twenty first century. The head is disconnected from the body, mirroring societys view of woman as an object of passive desire. The most shocking element is the vomit of light brown braids that extend from the remorseless face of the head of the woman, designed to engage the audience in contemporary thought about the disembodied cries of women to whom marriage and conformity are not available. Hair was therefore used to point out essential moral and ideological divisions within female sexuality and, according to Joan Smith (1997:165), the failure of society to recognise the fundamental differences amongst the various sectors of the broader female sex has been to the detriment of feminism and, ultimately, western culture as a whole. Women are expected to be different from men but the same as each other. While there is general agreement that women are unlike men in numerous ill defined ways, there is enormous reluctance to accept the idea that women might not be broadly similar to each other. The issue that exposes this distinction most sharply is motherhood, so that a woman who chooses not to give birth is characterised not just as unnatural but as a traitor to her sex. Mille Wilson is another feminist artist who has used the symbolism of hair to state a valid view on female sexuality by employing it as the central theme of persuasion. In her ambitious visual art project, The Museum of Lesbian Dreams (1990 2), Wilson speaks to her audience through the fetish surrogates of the typical view of the female body in this instance using female hair in the form of a series of womens wigs to underline the essential similarity of heterosexual and homosexual womans dreams and deepest aesthetic desires, relying on the long, luxurious manes of the artificial hair to symbolise the traditional notion of hair as standard bearer of vivacious feminine sexuality. As Whitney Chadwick (2002:396) notes in her expansive study of women, art and society; her work articulates the historical inaccuracy, often absurdity, of social constructions of lesbianism within dominant heterosexual discourses. Such discursive formations often to work to fix identity within, and outside, normative paradigms. It should be apparent that much of the artistic arguments pertaining to female hair and sexuality emanate from the perspective of the historical outsiders, namely gay and bisexual women. All great art is created from passion and in terms of damaging sexual stereotyping relating to female icons of beauty the avant garde art community has felt the greatest reason to voice concerns over the prevailing attitude of society towards womens sexuality. However, the real outsiders within the broader feminine artistic debate need to be analysed in order to underscore how hair is culturally understood as one of the most important foundations of mainstream notions of female sexuality. Female Hair and Visual Expressions of Sexuality from the Perspective of Outsider Art Beyond the set boundaries inherent within sculpture and painting, photography and performance art have been the most likely to make a physical statement pertaining to female sexuality. Whereas most other forms of modern visual art minimalism, conceptual art and pop art concentrate on extracting the content rather than moving towards a lifelike representation of the female body, photography recreates the human form as an artistic facsimile. It must be noted that photography and visual performance art highlight the issue of female sexuality via concentrating on the entirety of the hair on her body as opposed to detailing only the stereotypical view of female hair emanating from her head. Indeed, no examination of the subject of sexuality and hair can be complete without an analysis of the art worlds view of female body hair per se, which is culturally speaking hidden, shaved and moulded in a far more stringent and severe way than any style of hair upon the head, a fact that Germaine Greer (1999:20) expands upon. Women with too much (i.e. any) body hair are expected to struggle daily with depilatories of all kinds in order to appear hairless. Bleaching moustaches, waxing legs and plucking eyebrows absorb hundreds of woman hours. Feminist adherents in the art world have inevitably challenged the claustrophobic views of society towards female body hair with pictures created to shock and induce academic debate about a needlessly taboo topic. Sally Mann made a series of explicit photographs of herself and her daughters during the 1990s, including Untitled (1997), a photograph that focuses the viewer upon the dense vaginal hair of the artist, whose legs are spread open in a bathtub with the subtext of highlighting how women enjoy exactly the same bodily functions as men, however much society shuts itself off to biological reality. Moreover, by making the camera concentrate on the nexus of pubic hair the spectator is likewise advised to consider the cultural reasons as to why women must shave every other part of their body where hair grows naturally. The most shocking and moving of all photographic imagery involving female hair tied to the notion of sexuality is Hannah Wilkes self image taken during her demise from cancer, the disease having robbed her of her hair though not of her female organs, as the naked photo in a wheelchair, selected from the Intra Venus collection (1992 3), graphically illustrates. The power of the visual focus is centred upon the artists wish to show how hair does not make a woman feminine and that the human spirit is more powerful than any facet of the physical body. Visual art enactment reserves the greatest power of persuasion and audience manipulation. Post Porn Modernism, a performance art show that was exhibited in New York in the late 1980s, is the most obvious example of a visual exposition of contemporary female sexuality devised to shock the audience, concentrating in this instance, on the artists pubic hair and genitalia. Playing on the historical artistic obsession with the female whore, Rebecca Schneider (1996:161) declares that Post Porn Modernism was merely another way to de mystify the myth of female sexuality, in particular highlighting the fragile nature of consumer capitalism where the prostitute is both buyer and seller merged into one. In theory, the real live Prostitute Annie Sprinkle lay at the threshold of the impasse between true and false, visible and invisible, nature and culture as if in the eye of a storm. As any whore is given to be in this culture she is a mistake, an aberration, a hoax: a show and a sham made of lipstick, mascara, fake beauty marks, hair and black lace. However, the art most likely to capture the absurdity of the persistent link between granted notions of female hair personifying womans innate sexuality is that which is created by African women: artists who have to cross strict racial as well as gender and sexuality lines in order to portray women from their culture in an aesthetically acceptable light. These women are the true outsiders of Western artistic expression. Leslie Rabine (1998:127), for example, declares that: western slave culture and economics invested the arena of skin, hair and make up with political struggle, with the result that African women born in the West have had their body image dictated by colour and gender, which creates a kind of schizophrenic effect on the black women to the extent that the naturally curly, short African hair has been usurped in fashion by wigs, extensions and artificially straight hair. Typically, it has been left to the avant garde community to ignite the backlash against the marginalisation of black female sexuality. Alison Saar, daughter of African American feminist artist Betye Saar accented the widely accepted view of natural black female hair as the cultural antithesis to feminine sexuality in her sculpture entitled, Chaos in the Kitchen (1998). Saar used coarse iron wiring to mimic indigenous African hair, on top of a female face that has been deliberately denied eyes to highlight the cultural blind spot that black women have towards their own vision of female beauty. She means to state that, in attempting to copy white mans image of feminine beauty via hair, black women have only succeeded in hollowing out their historical selves. African American artist and photographer Rene Cox made an even more challenging alternative to the prevailing paradigms pertaining to female sexuality and race when she made, Yo Mama (1993). The photograph places the artist standing up naked except for Western high heels the stereotypical twin symbol of hair as the autograph of heterosexual female sexuality. The hair on her head is made to look as indigenous and anti Caucasian as possible; her pubic hair made deliberately visible underneath the spot where her child lies diagonally across her. The result is a proud and defiant gesture of individuality of race yet likewise a gesture of homogeneity regarding common sexuality with all women gay or straight, black or white. Asian women too have been confined to exist in boundaries set by men both in their culture and in the West, where the problem of defining Asian female sexuality is not so much hindered by the need to adapt to Caucasian hairstyles to appear feminine but rather by the popular notion that all Oriental women look the same. In her search for individuality, Sharon Mizota, attacks the November 2003 photographic exhibition of Sex Work in Asia by Reagan Louie, for portraying all Asian women with the same body, same hair and same permissive personality. In reviewing the body of work, the American born Asian art critic (Sharon Mizota website; first viewed 21 September 2005) declares: As a marker of both racial and sexual difference, hair is by far the most over-fetishized part of the Asian female body. Unlike the portraits, which are titled with the womans first name, these photos have titles like Masseuse or Black Hair. I hoped to read them as some kind of critique of the trope of Asian womens hair as exotic/erotic symbol, but no matter what angle I tried, they just kept saying, hair. One-note images like these belie Louies professed intention to record the specificity of the women he photographs, in effect, reducing them once again to empty symbols. Conclusion Hair remains the most potent sociological and artistic symbol of vibrant female sexuality in the West. Understood at its most simple level as a tool and statement of fashion little has changed regarding how women wear their hair or how the link between long, flowing hair and sexuality has failed to have been broken over centuries of tradition. Though there contains none of the shock that was initially felt in the fashion and art world in the sixties when aesthetically beautiful women cut their hair short like men, the dominant trend in the West remains a rule of long hair for heterosexual women, cropped hair for lesbian and bisexual females. As a microcosm of the broader culture in which it exists, the art community inevitably evolves in a similar fashion to society. However, the advent of a discernibly post modern intellectual hub within artistic circles has resulted in an avant garde scene that represents a brand of conceptual persuasion whereby art is appreciated by the only those who share that vision as opposed to art in the past, which was created with the prevailing ideals of the time in mind. Popular, stereotypical art has ceased to exist in an internationally commercial form yet art has likewise become more fragmented and divisible. Therefore, there exists a discrepancy between offering a conclusion for the symbolism of female hair and sexuality in visual culture and presenting a deduction concerning the same relationship with the dislocated artistic community in mind. While it is fair to say that female hair, in all of its forms, will inevitably be linked to feminine sexuality (as defined from a male perspective), the post modern visual artists have used this premise to turn what was once beautiful into a more perverse image, thereby, within their ideological beliefs, making that object a more unifying piece of work. Essentially, art wishes to embrace all gender and sexuality while society and culture have yet to come to terms with its existence in the first place. The overall creative legacy has been a blurring of the boundaries of the sexes and sexuality. Therefore, one must predict a continuation of the merging of sexuality led by the exponents of post modern visual art that will continue to pose problems for society at large as long as the essential similarities between of the sexes is superseded by a prevailing cultural desire to exacerbate existing gender divides. As Rudolf Arnheim (2002:461) succinctly concludes: We do not know what the future of art will look like. No one particular style is arts final climax. Every style is but one valid way of looking at the world, one view of the holy mountain, which offers a different image from every place but can be seen as the same everywhere. Bibliography R. Arnheim, Art and Visual Perception: a Psychology of the Creative Eye: the New Version (University of California; Berkeley, 2002) J. Carlos Rowe (Edtd.), Culture and the Problem of the Disciplines (Columbia University Press; New York, 1998) W. Chadwick, Women, Art and Society: Third Edition (Thames Hudson; London, 2002) J. Chicago E. Lucie Smith, Women and Art: Contested Territory (Weidenfeld Nicolson; London, 1999) E. Diamond (Edtd.), Performance and Cultural Politics (Routledge; London New York, 1996) M. Evans, Introducing Contemporary Feminist Thought (Polity Press; Cambridge, 1997) E.H. 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